sharp lines between composer, performer, and listener were rare. (The major exception to this is the emergence of trained professional guilds of musicians in the Jerusalem temple, although even here the intention was not to perform to others but to animate the singing of the congregation.) One of the first things, then, that a biblical perspective on music can do for us (though we might not have been expecting it) is to reorient us to basic features of music in our own time that we might otherwise